NAMA : REGITA PUSPA NINGRUM
NPM : 25217026
KELAS : 3EB17
1.
Elements in English Sentences
1) Subject
Every
sentence in English must have a subject and in the case of commands,the subject {you} is understood.
Well, what is a subject then?
Subject
is the person or thing that performs or responsible for the action of the sentence.
*Generally it precedes the verb.
Ice-cream is delicious.
Lemon contains vitamin c.
Subject may be a noun phrase. A noun
phrase is a group of words ending with a
noun.
The bag is on the shelf.
That old big
bike is Peter’s.
Examples :
-
The girl stood on the burning house.
-
Stone walls do not make a prison.
-
Mr. Jacob was rude at the bar one day.
-
The earth revolves round the sun.
-
Nature is the best physician.
-
Edison invented the phonograph.
-
On the top of the hills lives
a magician.
-
The secretary is absent.
-
Solomon is not wise.
-
The food shop got burned.
2)
Verb
A
verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. It comes from the Latin verbum. Verb is the most important word in a
sentence, it shows the action.
Lynda runs too fast.
They love flowers.
I feel great!
The
verb could be a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more auxiliaries & one main verb. The
auxiliaries always precede the
main verb.
Nina is going to Peru tomorrow.
{Auxiliary-is; main verb-going}
Adriana has been cooking that dish.
{Auxiliary-has
been; main verb-cooking}
Examples
:
-
The coolest boy in our
class has long black hair and grey eyes.
-
Kathy is almost always a lot of fun.
-
Jasmine is very tall.
-
This book has a good bibliography.
-
Clara must have gone to the party.
-
Joey has gone countryside.
-
Mr. Schoulz is watching TV series.
-
Rikishi was driving very fast.
-
Omor kicks the football.
-
Coen ran a long road.
-
Nuri forgot his name.
-
The ant fought the wasps.
-
We call him Mr. Booger.
-
The gorilla kicked the monkey.
-
David enjoys good music.
-
We see with our eyes.
-
The cat of that old lady killed the mouse.
-
The punk boy made a disturbance at meeting.
-
That baby cries all the time.
-
He will finish the assignment in a fortnight.
3)
Complement
A
complement is a part of sentence which completes the verb. It is generally a noun or noun phrase. Complement
generally follows the verb when the sentence is
in the active voice.
It
is important to remember that every sentence does not require a complement and it cannot begin with a
preposition.
A
complement answers the question whom? Or what?
Examples :
-
Ralf was enjoying a dessert. {What was Ralf enjoying? A
dessert. }
-
They called police yesterday. {Whom did they call yesterday?
Police.}
-
Ruby saw Samuel at the party last night. {Whom did ruby see
at the party? Samuel.}
-
Taimoor wants to drink a glass of milk. {What does Taimoor want to drink? A
glass of milk.}
-
Sara was driving a green car. {What was Sara driving? A green car.}
-
Uncle Thomas bought a pie
yesterday. {What did uncle Thomas buy? A pie.}
-
Lola is cooking a dish tonight.
-
Abbas and Maliha have visited the
senator.
-
Rebeka opened a current account at the bank last week.
-
Gina is washing clothes right now.
-
Martha opened her book.
4)
Modifier
Modifier definition: A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause
that provides description in
sentences.
In
short, a modifier is a describer. A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that describes another word, phrase, or clause.
Examples :
-
He is a cute baby.
In this sentence, “cute”
is an adjective modifying
the noun,
“baby.” The adjective “cute” is a
modifier. “Cute” modifies the type of baby.
Adjective
Modifiers :
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. They modify in that they answer the following questions in relationship to
the nouns they modify,
·
What kind?
- cute baby
- What kind of
baby? A cute baby.
·
Which one?
- that baby
- Which baby?
That baby.
·
How many?
- three babies
- How many
babies? Three babies.
·
How much?
- enough fruit
- How much
fruit? Enough fruit.
Adverb
Modifiers :
Adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
They modify in that they answer the
following questions in relationship to the nouns they modify ;
·
When?
- arrive
tomorrow
- Arrive when?
Tomorrow.
·
Where?
- dance
everywhere
- Dance where?
Everywhere.
·
How often?
- dance
frequently
- Dance how
often? Frequently.
·
How much?
- answer
completely
- Answer how
much? Completely.
Phrases and Clauses as Modifiers :
Single words are not the only types
of modifiers. Phrases and clauses act as modifiers.
Clause Modifier Examples:
- The
boy who was at the store bought cookies.
- This is
an example of an adjective clause.
- The adjective
clause is a group of words that modifies “boy”
Phrase Modifier Examples:
- Please
take a seat near me.
- This
is an example of a prepositional phrase.
- The
prepositional phrase is a group of words that modifies “seat”
2.
Time and Tenses in English Sentences
1)
Present Tense
There are many uses of tense. In
English Grammar, the Present Tense is
used to talk about something that is
going on now(currently) or that is true now and at any time. Present Tense is of four types:
- Simple Present Tense
- Present Continuous Tense
- Present Perfect Tense
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Use Simple Present Tense :
The simple present tense uses the
same verb form
as the root form of the verb. We use
the simple present tense in the following conditions:
·
To show a fact or
something that is always true.
·
For activities that are
done daily -regularly or habitually.
·
To express thoughts,
feelings, opinions and beliefs.
·
For an action or event
that is planned to happen in the future.
·
Used in news, reported speech such as in sports commentaries, a narration of
books and stories etc.
·
It is also used with
schedules, plans and programmes.
·
It is also used to give
instructions.
Formulating a
Simple Present Tense
When the singular form of the
subject or a singular pronoun is
used, the verb is used in the simple
present tense by adding a ‘-s’ to it. Let us look at some examples
;
·
He goes to
the library often.
·
When does the
flight to Seychelles depart from Mumbai airport?
·
I always wake up
at 6 am.
·
I like chocolates.
Use Present Continuous Tense :
His tense is used to describe a
continued or ongoing action at the present time. It
expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking and has not
yet been completed. The Present
Continuous Tense is, therefore, used in the following conditions :
·
As mentioned above, it
is used for an action that is occurring at the time of speaking.
·
When an action in the
future is mentioned without specifying when it will occur.
·
When we talk about a
planned or arranged event or action that is set to take place at a specified
time in the future.
·
It is also used in
conditions where the action or event is occurring but not necessarily while we
speak.
·
With adverbs such as
‘always’ which describe an action that happens frequently.
Formulating the Present
Continuous Tense
It
is formed from the present tense of the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ and the present participle of the verb ‘-ing’. Examples are ;
·
The noise is beginning to give
me a headache.
·
I am complaining to
his mother about him.
·
Why aren’t you doing
your homework, Ravi?
Using
Present Perfect Tense :
The Present
Perfect Tense is used in case of repeated actions, in those actions where the time is not important, and
actions that began in the past but are not finished yet and will probably finish in the present as we speak. The
Present Perfect Tense can be
used in the following scenarios :
·
It is commonly used in actions or events
that began in the past and have continued into the present.
·
They are used to show an action that has
been completed.
·
To indicate a time period that has not yet
finished.
·
This tense is often used with phrases that
begin with “This is the first” or “second time” and so on.
·
Is used to describe or express an action
that is repeated in the past.
·
Used to indicate or describe actions that
have been completed in the recent past
Formulating the Present Perfect Tense
To form the present
perfect tense, we need to use the simple present tense of the auxiliary verb ‘have’ or ‘has’
based on whether the noun being referred to is plural or singular. The auxiliary verb is then followed by the past
participle of the verb. It can also be
written as: have/has + past participle. Let us see some examples ;
·
We have known each other
for a very long time.
·
There have been many contenders
for this role.
·
Has there ever been a
war during your lifetime?
·
I have just eaten.
·
We have had the same car
for 8 years.
Using
Present Perfect Continuous Tense :
This tense
is generally used to describe or indicate an event that is going on at this moment. The Present Perfect Continuous
Tense is used in the following conditions :
·
It is used to describe an event that began
in the past and is continuing into the future.
·
An activity or event that began in the
past and is now over(just recently completed or over).
·
It is also used when there is no mention
of time.
Formulating the Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
The present
perfect continuous tense is made up of two parts :
1. The present perfect tense of the
verb ‘to be’: ‘have been’ or ‘has been’ .
2. The present participle of the main
verb ‘-ing.
Some
examples of present perfect continuous tense are ;
·
My
hands are very dirty as I have been painting the walls.
·
They have
been trying to contact her.
·
I have been
working for them for the last seven months.
·
The
party has
been going on all night.
2)
Past Tense
The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is
used to talk about a completed action in
a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action
can be in the recent past or the distant past and
action duration is not important.
Examples :
- John
Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
- He
live in Fiji in 1976.
- We
crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time
expressions.
·
Frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
·
A
definite point in time: last week,
when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night.
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night.
·
An
indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Formulating
the Simple Past Tense
PATTERNS
OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS :
|
Affirmative
|
|
|
|
Subject
|
+ Verb + ed
|
|
|
I
|
Skipped
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Negative
|
|
|
|
Subject
|
+did not
|
+ infinitive without to go
|
|
They
|
didn’t
|
go.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interrogative
|
|
|
|
Did
|
+ subject
|
+ infinitive without to
|
|
Did
|
She
|
Arrive
?
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interrogative negative
|
|
|
|
Did not
|
+ subject
|
+ infinitive without to
|
|
Didn’t
|
You
|
play?
|
TO WALK
|
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
Interrogative
|
|
I walked
|
I didn't walk
|
Did I walk?
|
|
You walked
|
You didn't walk
|
Did you walk?
|
|
He walked
|
He didn't walk
|
Did he walk?
|
|
We walked
|
We didn't walk
|
Did we walk?
|
|
They walked
|
They didn't walk
|
Did they walk?
|
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO :
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
||
|
|
Be
|
Have
|
Do
|
|
I
|
Was
|
Had
|
did
|
|
You
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
|
He/She/It
|
Was
|
Had
|
did
|
|
We
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
|
You
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
|
They
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE,
NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS :
AFFIRMATIVE
The
affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.
§
I was in
Japan last year
§
She had a
headache yesterday.
§
We did our
homework last night.
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
For
the negative and interrogative simple past form of "to
do" as an ordinary verb,
use the auxiliary "did", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The
negative of "have" in
the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did",
but sometimes by simply adding not or the
contraction "n't".
The
interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses
the auxiliary "did".
Examples
:
·
They weren’t
in Rio last summer.
·
We didn’t
have any money.
·
We didn’t have time to visit the Eiffel
Tower.
·
We didn’t do our exercises this morning.
·
Were they in
Iceland last January?
·
Did you have a bicycle
when you were young?
·
Did you do
much climbing in Switzerland?
Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past,
always use the auxiliary 'did''.
SIMPLE PAST, IRREGULAR
VERBS :
Some
verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.
TO GO
§
He went to
a club last night.
§
Did
he go to the
cinema last night?
§
He didn't go to
bed early last night.
TO GIVE
§
We gave her
a doll for her birthday.
§
They didn't give John
their new address.
§
Did
Barry give you
my passport?
TO COME
§
My
parents came to visit me last July.
§
We didn't come because
it was raining.
§
Did
he come to your
party last week?
3)
Future Tense
Future tense also has four forms. However, one of the forms has no practical use.Future Tense is of four types :
Using
Simple
Future (Future Indefinite) Tense :
The simple future tense is used when an action is
promised/thought to occur in the
future.
Structure :
Subject
+ shall/will + verb + ……
Examples :
·
We shall move to another
city.
·
He will come to New York
tomorrow.
·
They will make a phone
which has artificial intelligence.
Examples:
·
We are moving to Texas
next week.
·
The bus is leaving at
6.00 PM.
Using Future
Continuous Tense :
The
future continuous tense is used when an action is promised/thought to be going on at a specific time/context
in the future.
Structure :
Subject
+ shall/will + be + verb + ing …….
Examples :
·
I shall be sleeping at
around 6.00 AM tomorrow.
·
They will be playing at this
time tomorrow.
·
She will be watching TV
when I come home.
·
I will be working in the
office while you watch a movie.
Using Future
Perfect Tense :
The
future perfect tense is used to demonstrate an action which is promised to be done by a certain time in the
future.
Structure:
Subject
+ shall/will + have + verb in the past participle ……
Examples :
·
I shall have completed
the assignment by Monday.
·
She will have cleaned
the house before her father comes.
·
Alex will have submitted
the tender by tomorrow.
·
Before I go to see her,
she will have left the place.
·
They will have finished
making the bridge by January.
SUMBER :
